O-Level History and Culture of Pakistan Paper 1 Chapter 6 (1885-1927) Short Questions

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1- What was congress?

Ans. It was an Indian organization of represent their views to British. It was formed in 1885 with help of Sir Hume and Sir Henry Cotton. Later it became a political party under the leadership of Gandhi. It was a Hindu dominated body and there were only few idealist Muslims in congress.

2- What was Muslim league?

Ans. It was a Muslim’s Political Party formed to represent Muslims to British. It was formed in 1906. Agha Khan was the first president. It passed Lahore resolution under the leadership of Jinnah in 1940. It achieved independence from British in 1947.

3- Describe Shimla deputation?

Ans. In 1906 36 Muslims led by Agha Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto in Shimla. Muslims asked for more seats than their actual population and Muslim-only electorates. These were granted to then in MM reforms.

4- What were MM reforms?

Ans. These were introduced in India as Indian Council Act 1909 by Lord Morley and Lord Minto to give increased share to Indians in the government. In this seats in imperial and central executive councils were increased of Indians. Muslims were given separate electorates and 1/3rd seats in all the elections.

5- What was Lucknow Pact?

Ans. In 1916 congress and Muslim League met in Lucknow. It was Jinnah who persuaded both parties to meet. Muslims’ demands of separate electorates and 1/3rd majority was accepted first time by Indians. So they both put their joint demands to British.

6- What were MC reforms 1919?

Ans. These were passed in 1919 as govt. of India act 1919 by lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague. Two-house National Parliament was started in India. A system of diarchy started in which halves of the areas of responsibilities were reserved and half of them were transferred to Indian ministers. Now 5.5 million of Indian population could vote.

7- What was Rowlett's act?

Ans. In 1918 Justice Rowlett recommended that the defense of India act should be started permanently. Arrest without warrant and prison without bail was introduced. This act was passed in 1919. There was huge opposition to this act and Jinnah resigned to imperial legislative council.

8- What was Jallianwala Bagh/ Amritsar massacre?

Ans. Due to the strict measures of British, 20000 people including Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar city. There were people of all ages and just gathered for peaceful demonstration. General Dyer was to control the violence so he closed the narrow exits and ordered him army to shoot at the crowd. More than 400 people died and 1200 were wounded.

9- Who was General Dyer?

Ans. General Dyer was a British Indian army officer who was made a temporary brigadier-general for controlling Amritsar. He ordered his army to attack to a crowd in the Jallianwala Bagh on unarmed civilians who were gathered for peaceful demonstration. Due to this he was investigated by hunter committee in England. By it’s investigation he was deposed of his services but later he became a hero among British.

10- What was Hunter committee?

Ans. It was a British committee set up to investigate the Amritsar massacre. It asked few questions to dyer and by it’s findings it deposed dyer from his services.

11- What was Arya Samaj?

Ans. It was founded by Dayanand in 1877 in India. It was a Hindu party which aimed to purify Hinduism. It forcefully converted Muslims into Hindus and to reconvert those Hindus who had embraced Christianity.

12- Who was Pundit Mohan Malaviya?

Ans. He was the president of Indian National Congress. He helped Hindu Mahasabha to found. He attended First round table conference and was a notable person in Gandhi’s non-cooperation. He was the founder of The Hindustan Times.

13- What were Delhi proposals?

Ans. There were proposals given by Jinnah in 1927 to a conference of all India Muslim league. He gave few demands which he said if would be accepted that he would give up the demand of separate electorates. He said that there should be 1/3rd Muslim majority in all central legislature, Sindh should be made a province and all the reforms of other provinces should be brought to NWF and Baluchistan.

14- What was diarchy?

Ans. Diarchy means a government by two authorities. In India it was started in the government of indi act 1919 on provincial level. The reserved subjects such as defense were most important and were controlled by Provincial Governors and their Executive councils and the transferred subjects were less important such as forests and were controlled by Indian Ministers. Diarchy was dropped at provincial level and brought at central level in Govt of India act 1935.