Matric Notes Biology     Class 10th Ch 14 Reproduction Short Questions

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Q1: How can vegetative method of reproduction, be used to achieve better yield?

Ans: Vegetative reproduction: It is a type of reproduction in which the offspring are produced without involving the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from two parents.

Better yield: Vegetative method of reproduction can be used to achieve better yield, because

1. The new plant that are produced have the same genetic material. Therefore, it is possible to produce plants that have the same desired traits again and again.

Consistency: This ensures that there is consistency maintained in the quality of the product.

Q2: Differentiate between internal and external fertilization. Which type of fertilization will ensure better chance of fusion of gametes?

Ans: Fertilization: Fertilization is the process of sexual reproduction in which male and female gametes fuse to form zygote. Zygote is the first cell of the new offspring which divides mitotically and develops into embryo. The embryo develops into new individual.

Types:

There are two types of fertilization namely.

i. Internal fertilization
ii. External fertilization

1. Internal fertilization: The part of the fertilization in which the fusion of the male and female gametes takes place inside the body of the female parent.

Explanation:

I. In internal fertilization male and female gametes fuse inside the body of female parent.
II. Sperms are released by the male in the reproductive tract of female, which float towards the eggs and fuse to form zygote.
III. Animals that use internal fertilization specialized in the protection of the developing egg.
IV. Reptiles and birds secrete eggs that are covered by a protective shell that is resistance to water loss and damage.
V. In mammals the embryo is developed within the mother.
VI. This extra protection increases the chances of survival because mother supplies everything that the embryo need.

Example: Mammals, reptiles and birds.

2. External fertilization:

The type of fertilization in which the fusion of male and female gametes takes place outside the body of female.

Explanation:

I. External fertilization occur mostly in the environment and requires both male and female to release their gametes into the surrounding.
II. Fusion of the gametes takes place outside the body in water, and the new young one also develop outside the mother’s body.
III. An advantage of external fertilization is that it results in the production of a large number of offspring.
IV. One disadvantages is that environmental hazards such as predators, current of water, etc. greatly reduce the chances of fertilization and of surviving the embryo into adulthood.

Example: Amphibian and fish are the example animals that reproduce in this way.

Q3: What is population planning? Why is it important?

Ans: Population planning:- Human population planning is the practice of intentionally controlling the rate of growth of a human population.

Pakistan population planning:-

1. Pakistan is facing great challenges to achieve goals of population planning.
2. At current growth rate of about 2.8% annually Pakistan’s population will exceed 280 million by the 220.
3. Pakistan is developing country and per capita income is under $1000 per year, and economy is growing slowly.

Disadvantages:-

1. Rapid population growth puts great pressure on agriculture land and hinders prospects from economic and social development.
2. Now our population is nearly 180 million.
3. It means in coming year if our growth rate remains same we will run out of resources to meet the needs of people.
4. Even as standing now, our city struggle to accommodate the growing sea of people that lives in them.
5. We lack hospitals, schools, roads and even the supplies of water needed to meet the basic, needs of our rural population.

Need of population planning:-

1. We need to accept the fact that population planning has become compelling need, which simply cannot be ignored or shed away any longer.
2. A strong commitment to fertility reduction is needed for effective population planning.
3. It includes effective family planning program, changing social attitudes and improving the status of women.
4. It is essential to raise the living standards and avoiding increasing serious problem of rapid population growth.

Q4: How does self-pollination bring more variation in plants?

Ans: Pollination: The transfer of pollen to a stigma , ovule , flower or plant to allow fertilization is called pollination.

Process of self-pollination: Self - pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

Genetic variations: Self- pollinations occurs in plants with both male and female flower. The plant can pollinate its self but only with the genes it already has so the self- pollination produce little genetic variation in generation.

Little variation: Self pollination brings little variation.

Q5: How can the spread of HIV be controlled? What is the role of the community and NGO’s I the control of AIDS?

Ans: Control of HIV:- There are following methods to control HIV.

1. By medication: The medication usually include antiretroviral drugs that are taken to hinder the growth of HIV.

2. Art:- The medicines use to treat HIV is called antiretroviral therapy or ART.

3. Ngo: NGOs as member of the provincial HIV/AIDS prevention consortium which has been set up in all the provinces of Pakistan to coordinate HIV/AIDS prevention and control activities. Although NGOs are active in HIV/AIDS prevention activities, it is believed that they are reaching less than 5 percent of the vulnerable population.

Q6: Name the four whorl present in a flower and also describe the components of each whorl.

Ans: Flower: A flower made up of specialized leaves, which are present in swollen tip called the receptacle. Flower parts are in the form of four concentric whorls, or rings. These are following

1. Sepals:- Sepals make the outer most whorl (calyx). Sepals are usually green and they protect the inner parts of a developing flower before it opens.

2. Petals:- Petals make the next whorl (corolla). Most flowers have colored petals.

3. Androecium:- The third androecium contains the male reproductive structure called stamens. Each stamen consist of anther and a filament. The anther contains pollen sacs (microsporangia), which produce microspores. The stalk-like filament supports the anther.

4. Gynoecium:- The innermost whorl (gynoecium) contains the female reproductive structure, which are called carpels.

Q7: How are the wind-pollinated flowers different from the insect-pollinated flowers?

The insect-pollinated flowers

Insect pollinated flowers have large, heavy pollen that need help spreading from plant to plant. To get help, they use petals, scents, and nectar to attract the pollinators, that get pollen and nectar in return for their assistance. It takes energy to make big, showy flowers.

Examples: Bougainvillea, Rose, Sunflower and Orchids

Wind-pollinated flowers

Grasses and other wind-pollinated plants have lightweight pollen in large quantities, and don’t require insect help, so they don’t invest energy in making big flowers. They have small, barely noticeable flowers.

Examples:- Conifers, grasses, cereals, poplar, oak, walnut, etc.

Q8: Why do seeds need water and oxygen for germination?

Ans: Water and oxygen necessary of seed germination of seeds:

Variable or living seeds should have sufficient food for germination. Moreover, the following are the uses of water and oxygen necessary for seed germination.

1. Water: Seed absorb water through the micropyle. Water softens the seed coat and makes it burst. Water also helps to activate enzyme that digest the food of seeds, and make it available to the growing embryo.

2. Oxygen: Oxygen is also necessary for seed germination. The cells of the seed embryo use oxygen for cellular respiration so that they can get energy from stored food.