Matric Notes Biology Class 10th Ch 13 Support and Movement Extra Short and Long Questions
Q1: Define support movement and locomotion.
Support: The mechanical strength which keeps the body of an organisms in upright and expanded form is known as support.
Movement: The shifting of body parts during performing a particular task is known as movement , e.g the movement of lips and tongue during talking. The movement of hand and fingers during writing.
Locomotion: The free movement of an organisms from one place to another is known as locomotion.
Motile organisms: The organisms which can move from place to place are known as motile organisms .e.g all animals are motile except sponges etc.
Sessile organisms: The organisms which cannot move from place to place are known as sessile organisms e.g all plants are sessile except bacteria, chlamydomonas etc.
Q 2:What is skeleton?
Ans: Skeleton:- skeleton is the framework of hard connective tissues (bones and cartilage) , around which the whole body of an organisms is build. Skeleton helps in movement, support and protection of the body.
Q3 :Write a short note on human skeleton.
Ans: Human skeleton:-
Human skeleton is a well-developed internal skeleton muscles of 206 bones. These bones are differentiated into the following four different groups.
Skull: The skull contain 28 bones.
Neck: The neck contain 01 bones.
Trunk: The trunk contain 51 bones.
Limbs:
- The limbs contain 126 bones.
- The upper limbs have 64 bones.
- The lower limbs have 62 bones.
At the time of birth, the human body contains 350 bones. Some bones are fused together during growth and the number reduces to 206.
Types(parts):-
The human skeleton has been divided into the following two main parts (types)
1.Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton consist of the following three parts.
b Vertebral column
c Rib cage.
2. Appendicular skeleton.
The appendicular skeleton consists of the following”
b. Pectoral Pelvic girdle with hind limbs.
Q4 : What is the role of skeletal system?
Ans: Role of skeletal system:
The skeleton performs the following function in the body.
2. The skeletal muscles are attached to the bones. Hands, legs, pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle help in movement. The muscular system has an important role in movement. Due to the attachment of muscles with the bones, these bones can move.
3. The skulls protect the brain and the vertebral column protects the spinal cord. Similarly , the lungs and heart are protected in the rib cage.
4. Bone marrow produces the red blood cells , platelets and white blood cells.
5. Bones store mineral salts ( calcium, potassium, phosphorus). This is the reason why the bones remain hard and strong.
Q5 : Write a note on bones.
Ans: Bones:- Bones are the hardest and most rigid form of connective tissue in the human body. Muscles pull our bones to enable movement.
Functions of bones:-
ii. It provides support and protect delicate internal organs.
iii. The internal portion of many bones produce red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
Structure of bones:-
ii. The matrix (plural matrices) is the material ( or tissue ) in animals cells in which more specialized structure are embedded.
iii. The bone matrix contain collagen fibres .
iv. The matrix is also saturated with calcium phosphate. It gives strength to the born.
v. Within the bone matrix, bone cells called osteocytes are present in spaces called lacunae.
vi. The bone matrix contains nerve fibres and blood vessels, which keep the spongy bone contain bone marrow,
Q6 : What do you know about cartilage, collagen fibers and chondrocytes? Also describe its types.
Ans: Cartilage:- Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue, which is firm and flexible and does not stretch. It has great tensile strength and is much softer than bone.
2. It also support the flexible portion of nose, the external ears called the pinna.
Collagen fibers:- Ground substance is the amorphous gel like substance present in extra cellular spaces.
Collagen fibers:- The ground substance contains collagen fibers in parallel arrangements.
Chondrocytes:- The cells of the cartilage are called chondrocytes, these are also present in this ground substance with in the spaces called lacunae. The number of chondrocytes found in cartilage determines how flexible or elastic the cartilage is.
Function:- One of the main function of some cartilage types is to keep bones from rubbing together, thus reducing friction. There are no blood vessels present in the ground substance of cartilage.
Types of cartilage:
There are three types of cartilage i-e hyaline, elastic, and fibrous cartilage.
Elastic cartilage: In elastic cartilage the cells are closer together and there is less ground substance. Elastic cartilage is found in the external ears flaps and in the epiglottis.
Hyaline cartilage:- Hyaline cartilage has less number of cells and more ground substance. Hyaline cartilage is found at the long bones, in the nose, ears, trachea, larynx, and bronchi.
Fibrous cartilage:- Fibrous cartilage has the least number of cells so it has maximum ground substance. Fibrous cartilage is found in the inter-vertebral disc.
Q7 :Write a note on muscles and its types.
Ans: Muscles:- Muscle are machines which convert chemical energy in to mechanical energy. Muscles are made from muscular fibers or muscular tissues which have the ability to contract or relax.
Types of muscles:-
There are three types of muscles i.e
➢ Smooth muscles.
➢ Skeletal muscles.
Cardiac muscles:- The muscles which make the walls and structure of the heart are called cardiac muscle. They contract and relax throughout life automatically.
Smooth muscles:-
✓ Due to these muscles the food moves in the intestine and the blood moves in arteries.
Skeletal muscles:- The muscles which are found attached with bones, around the skeleton are called skeletal muscles. These muscles are mostly present in arms and legs which help in moment and locomotion.
Antagonism: (antagonistic movement):
Muscles in our body always work in parts and show opposite actions in such a way that when one muscle of the pair contracts, the other relaxes and vice versa.
This type of opposite movement is called antagonistic movement of muscles and the phenomenon is called antagonisms.
Example of fore arm:
2. When the arm is bent it is called flexed state.
3. When the arm is hanging or straight it is called extended state.
4. This extension and flexion is caused by pair of muscles called biceps and triceps.
3. Flexion:- When we try to bend ( or flex ) the lower arm, the biceps contracts, its insertion with ulna bone pulls the born upward, at the same time the triceps relaxes and the lower arm move upwards and the flexion takes place at elbow joint.
4. Extension:- When we try to straighten our hand the triceps first, its insertion with radius bone pulls the bone back. At the same time the biceps relaxes and allows the ulna bone to move down easily, hence extension of lower arm takes place at elbow joint.
Q8: Describe the composition of skeleton.
Composition of skeleton: The human skeleton is composed of two different types of materials mainly.
2.Cartilage
Bones:
2. Bones are made up of calcium phosphate and collagen fibre.
3. The collagen fibres are hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate.
Cartilage:
ii. Cartilage is flexible connective tissues.
iii. An early embryonic life the whole skeleton is made of cartilage. iv. The cartilage is replaced gradually by bones till adulthood.
Example:
ii. Cartilage is present at the tip of nose.
iii. Ear pinna is made up of cartilage.
iv. The rings of trachea are made of cartilage.
Q9: Write a note on skull.
Ans: Human skull: The human skull is made up of two parts i.e
2. Facial bone and ears
The human skull is made up of 28 bones which are distributed as follows.
1. Cranium:
b. Two bones are paired i.e parictal and temporal.
c. The unpaired bones are which are below.
ii. Occipetal
iii. Sphenoid
iv. Ethmoid
2. Facial bones:
ii. Out of these 14 bones 2 bones are unpaired and 6 bones are paired.
iii. The unpaired bones are mandible and vomer.
iv. The pair bones are
b) Zygomatic
c) Nasal
d) Lacrimal
e) Palatine
f) Inferior concha
Ear: The human skull contains two ear each on either side. Each ear contains three incus and stapes. So, both ear consist of 6 bones.
Q10: Write a short note on vertebral column.
Ans: Vertebral column:
2. It forms the backbone.
3. It helps us to stand erect and also protect the spinal cord.
Parts:
These vertebrates are named according to location in the body.
✓ Cervical curve: It consist of 7 vertebral present in the neck region is called is called cervical vertebrae.
✓ Thoracic curve: It consist of 12 vertebrae which lie in the chest region is called thoracic vertebrae.
✓ Lumbar curve: It consist of five vertebral present in the back region(abdomen) are termed as called lumbar vertebrae. Sacral curve:
It consist of a vertebral in between the pelvic girdle which are called sacral vertebral or pelvic vertebral. The pelvic vertebral make two sets i.e sacrum and coccyx.
✓ Coccyx
➢ Sacrum: The sacrum is formed by the fusion of anterior five vertebrae.
➢ Coccyx: The coccyx is formed by the fusion of posterior four vertebrae.
Q11: Write a note on rib cage?
Rib cage :
2. These ribs are attached (articulated) on the dorsal(back) side with the thoracic vertebral.
3. Out of 12, ten ribs connect anteriorly with sternum bones.
4. The lower two pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because they do not attach with the sternum.
5. The rib cage provides support to thoracic cavity (chest cavity) in which vital organs like heart , lungs etc are present.
Q12: How fracture of bone occurs? Also describe repair of broken bone.
Ans: Fracture: Bones may fracture or crack due to certain accidents or it may occur when bones become weak in old age.
Repair of fracture bone :-
• Hematoma formation: When the bone breaks, the blood vessels which run in bone are also tear and this leads to the accumulation of blood which is known as hematoma formation.
• Fibroblast formation: The injured bone also releases some chemical substances, which attracts stem cells and these cells in turn become fibroblast cell. A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagens and plays a critical role in a wound healing.
• Callus formation: The fibroblast cells in turn generate connective tissues around the fracture and then it is calcified and form a loosely woven bone called callus. At this stage, the bone becomes stable and it is able to beer weight.
• Cartilage formation: Between the broken ends of the bone cartilage is laid down and there after calcium accumulation occurs inside the cartilage.
• Completion of repairing: After a month or so, the callus is absorbed and the continuity of bone is resumed. The strength of the bone is increased and the marks of the fracture disappear.
Q13:Describe muscles and their movements.
Ans: Muscles and movement:
2. The arrangement skeletal muscles are called antagonistic muscles which allow easy movements.
3. The muscles are attached with bones.
4. The rope like limbs ends of muscles attached with bones is called tendons.
5. The end of the muscle which is fixed during muscles contraction (attached to non- movable bone) is called origin end.
6. The end of the muscle which is fixed during muscle contraction ( attached to movable bone) is called insertion end.
7. Bones act as a levers during movement.
8. Muscles movement is brought about by the co- ordinate action of muscles and bone.
Q14: Write a note on Osteoarthritis.
Ans: Osteoarthritis:-
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritic. The disease affects the cartilage, which starts to wear away over time. In extreme cases, the cartilage can completely wear away, leaving nothing to protect the bones in a joint, causing direct bone-on bone contact. It occurs most often in older people. Osteoarthritis usually affects the weight-bearing joints (the joints of the vertebrae, knee and hip). Osteoarthritis cause joint pain and can limit a person’ normal range of mobility.
Q15: What do you know about exoskeleton?
Ans: Exoskeleton: That skeleton system which is outside the body is called exoskeleton.
Example: Some invertebrates e.g arthropods .
Q16: What do you know about endoskeleton?
Ans: Endoskeleton: That skeleton system which is inside the body is called endoskeleton.
Example: Human being
Q17: Write a note on Rheumatoid arthritis.
Ans: Rheumatoid arthritic:- Rheumatoid arthritic is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system attacks healthy joints, which become inflamed and swollen. It can destroy cartilage and bone within the joint. It usually affects joints in the finger, wrists, knees and elbows. It causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in joints.
Q17: Write a note on Gouty arthritis:-
Ans: Gouty arthritis:- Gouty arthritis is caused by higher than normal levels of uric acid in the blood and the deposit of large amounts of the lining of the joints in the form of crystals. It causes inflammation in the join is called gout arthritis. It usually affects the joint at the base of big toe. Other joints (knees, wrists and fingers) may also be affected.
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