Matric Notes Biology Class 10th Ch 13 Support and Movement Long Questions

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Q1: Describe the role of the muscles and skeleton in locomotion.

Ans: Role of muscles in locomotion: Locomotion and all the other type of locomotion are due to the contraction of muscles of the body.

Types of muscles:-

There are three types of muscles i-e

➢ Cardiac muscles.
➢ Smooth muscles.
➢ Skeletal muscles.

Cardiac muscles:-

✓ The muscles which make the walls and structure of the heart are called cardiac muscle.
✓ They contract and relax throughout life automatically.
✓ Cardiac muscle are types of involuntary muscles.

Smooth muscles: -

✓ Smooth muscles are type of involuntary muscles which work without our well.
✓ Smooth muscles are also called non- striated muscles and unstripped muscles.
✓ They are found in digestive tract, respiratory, circulatory and urinary tracts.
✓ Due to these muscles the food moves in the intestine and the blood moves in arteries.

Skeletal muscles: -

i. The muscles which are found attached with bones, around the skeleton are called skeletal muscles.
ii. They are voluntary muscles because they work according to our well (wish)
iii. The skeletal muscles are also called striated muscles or stripped muscles.
iv. These muscles are mostly present in arms and legs which help in moment and locomotion.

Role of skeleton in locomotion:

1. The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint
2. at the neck. Movement is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.
3. It is believed that the reduction of human bone density in prehistoric times reduced the agility and dexterity of human movement. Shifting from hunting to agriculture has caused human bone density to reduce significantly

Q2: Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton and describe the major components of both.

Ans: Skeleton: A skeleton is defined as the framework of hard structure that provide physical support and protection for the bodies of animals.

A. Axial skeleton: The term axial means the central point around which other structure are distributed. The axial skeleton lies in the center of the body around which the whole body is built. The axial skeleton include the following:

1. Skull
2. Vertebral column
3. The ribs
4. The sternum

1. Skull: The skull is made up of the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium consist of 8 bones, which protect the brain. There are 14 facial bones , which make the skeletal part of our brain.

2. Vertebral column: The vertebral column extend from the skull to the pelvis. It consist of the the following:

i. Backbone
ii. Vertebrae

i. Backbone: The vertebral column consist of backbone, which not only allows us to stand erect but also protect the spinal cord.

ii. Vertebrae The vertebral column consist of 33 vertebrae. The vertebrae are named according to their location in the body. They are following:

✓ Cervical vertebrae: Those 7 vertebrae present in the neck region is called is called cervical vertebrae.

✓ Thoracic vertebrae: 12 vertebrae which lie in the chest region is called thoracic vertebrae.

✓ Lumbar vertebrae: Those five vertebrae present in the back region are termed as called lumbar vertebrae.

✓ Pelvic vertebrae: Those nine vertebrae found between the lower limbs areas are termed as pelvic vertebrae. The pelvic vertebrae make two sets i.e

✓ Sacrum
✓ Coccyx

➢ Sacrum: The sacrum is formed by the fusion of anterior five vertebrae.

➢ Coccyx: The coccyx is formed by the fusion of anterior five vertebrae.

3. Chest bone and ribs: There are twelve pairs of ribs in the human body, which are attached on the dorsal(back) side with the vertebrae. Out of 12 ,10 pair of ribs connect anteriorly with the chest bone (sternum) either directly or through an arch.

Floating ribs: The lower 2 pairs of ribs are called floating ribs because they do not attach with the sternum.

Function of rib cage: The rib cage provide support to the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) in which vital organs like the heart , lungs etc are present.

4. Middle ear bones: Each human ear has three bones are called ossicles. These are the malleus, the incus and the stapes.

5. Neck bone: There is one bone in the neck called the hyoid bone.

Appendicular skeleton:

The appendicular skeleton consist of the following parts.

1. Pectoral girdle: The pectoral girdle attaches the forelimbs to the vertebral column. It is comprised of 4 bones of the shoulders (2 bones on each side).

2. Forelimbs(arms and hands): The arms contain 6 bones( 3 in each arm). The hands contain 54 bones (27 in each hand)

3. Pelvic girdle: The pelvic girdle attaches the hind limbs to the vertebral column. It consist of 2 bones.

4. Hind limbs ( legs and feet): The legs contain 8 (4 in each leg) while both feet contain 52 bones (26 in each foot).

Q3: Discuss different types of joints and their role.

Ans: Joints: The meeting points (junction) of two or more bones are called joints. At the joints bones are held together by the ligaments. Function :

i. Joints keep our bones together by holding them with each other.
ii. They also allow the bones to move in different directions.
iii. They give mobility to our body.
iv. Without joints our skeleton would be stiff , rigid and one piece.

Types of joints:

Joints are classified into the following three sections.

1. Immovable joints.
2. Slightly movable joints
3. Freely movable joints

1. Immovable joints: In immovable joints the bones are fused together and do not allow any movement.

For example: The joints present among the bones of the skull are immovable.

2. Slightly movable joints: These are the joints which allow the little movement.

For example: Joints of the vertebral column , ribs etc.

3. Freely movable joints: These are the joints which allow free movement.

Types:

There are two major types of freely movable joints.

• Hinge joints
• Ball and socket joints.

Hinge joints: Hinge joints allow movements only in two directions.

Examples:

• Elbow joint
• Knee joints

Ball and socket joints Ball and socket joints allow movements in all directions i.e

• Up
• Down
• Forward
• Backward

Example:

✓ Hip joints
✓ Shoulder joints

Q4: Write the causes and treatment of the arthritis and osteoporosis.

Ans: Arthritis: Arthritis is the disorder of the joints when they get inflamed. This is a degenerative disease that damage the joints permanently.

Causes :

The causes of the arthritis depends upon the form of arthritis. It includes

• Injury leading to osteoarthritis
• Metabolic abnormalities
• A reduction in the normal amount of cartilage tissue cause some form arthritis.
• Alcohol and tobacco
• Salts and preservatives
• Fried and processed
• Sugar and refined carbs

Treatment:

The treatment of arthritis focusses on relieving symptoms and improving joints function. Analgesics (pain killers) , non-steroidal , anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat arthritis , surgery can also be performed in which the effected joints is replaced with an artificial joints.

Osteoporosis:

A medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue , typically as result of hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium and vitamin D.

Causes:

When a person is not taking sufficient calcium in their daily diet, their bones starts becoming weak. De mineralization in the process in which calcium moves from the bones to the blood in order to maintain its level. If this situation prolong the bones become soft and fragile, starts bending and can be broken easily.

Treatment:

1. Through medication: The osteoporosis could be treated by the medication.

2. Stopping use of alcohol: The use of alcohol and cigarette should be stop in order to treat osteoporosis.

3. Adequate exercise: Adequate exercise should be taken for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Symptoms:

No symptoms occur until bone fragile.