Matric Notes Class 10th English Book Exercise Chapter 12 Population Growth and World Food Supplies Grammar Writing Skills

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Grammar

Conjunction
A conjunction is a linking word that links words, phrases, clauses or even sentences.
A. Choose the appropriate conjunctions.
1. He couldn’t go home, __ he had no place to go

• But
• For
• Though

2. __ it was hot, he was wearing a coat.

• Whom
• Although
• Then

3. __ I have no money, I cannot go for shopping.

• Since
• Before
• As

4. He lost his job __ he was often late.

• While
• Because
• Or

5. __ I had more time, I would help you.

• Since
• When
• If

Adverb Clause
Adverb Clause (dependent clause)
A dependent adverb clause begins with an adverbial subordinate such as when, while, because, although, if so, that etc.

Adverb Clause [Although (Subordinate) he (Subject) is intelligent, (Predicate)] Independent Clause [he cannot get good grades.]

Independent Clause [He could get good grade] Adverb Clause [although (Subordinate) he (Subject) was stupid (Predicate)]

There are two possible positions for an adverb clause, before or after the independent clause. If it comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma (sentence 1), If it comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. (sentence 2).

B. Replace each adverb clause by an adverb or adverb phrase.
1. I have not been well since I returned form Murree.
Ans. I have not been well since my return from Murree.
2. I am glad that he has recovered from his illness.
Ans. I am glad at his recovery from his illness.
3. As soon as I saw the cobra I ran away.
Ans. Seeing the cobra, I ran away.
4. He may go home after his work is finished.
Ans. He may go home after finishing his work.
5. I did not pay her, as I had no money with me.
Ans. Being penniless, I did not pay her.

Section C (Subordinate Conjunctions)
Time:

• After 
• Before
• When
• While
• Since
• Until

Cause + Effect:

• Because
• Since
• As
• In order that
• So

Condition:

• If
• Unless
• Even if
• Only if

Place:

• Where
• Wherever

Manner:

• How
• As
• However

Result:

• That
• So
• Especially

Purpose:

• That
• So
• Least

C. Underline the adverb clause in the following sentences and state whether each is an adverb clause of time, place, reason, purpose, result, manner, comparison, condition or concession.
1. The frightened child ran as fast as he could.
Ans. Adverb of manner.
2. Even if they hurry, they may not get there on time.
Ans. Adverb of condition
3. The player is out of the match because he has hurt himself.
Ans. Adverb of Reason
4. If she recovers quickly, she will join the team.
Ans. Adverb of condition
5. The speaker was so absorbed in his speech that he forgot the time.
Ans. Adverb of Result
6. She switched on the television so that she could listen to the news.
Ans. Adverb of Purpose
7. They left before the concert ended.
Ans. Adverb of time
8. He acted as if he owned the car.
Ans. Adverb of manner
9. Where the road bends dangerously, be more careful.
Ans. Adverb of manner
10. He will get a good job when he graduates.
Ans. Adverb of time

D. Match the two clause and make meaningful sentences.
Ans:
1. The rain started while I was driving home. 1 --> d
2. I wrote many books before I was awarded the literature prize. 2 --> e 
3. They had to cancel the meeting because the director did not show up. 3 --> b
4. You won’t succeed if you don’t try hard. 4 --> a
5. Although it was raining he went out without an umbrella. 5 --> c

Writing Skills

A. Write précis of paragraph 6.
Improved technology will assist in more effective management and use of resources. Fertilizers enhance the fertility of eroded soils, but human cannot make topsoil. A productive and sustainable agricultural system depends on maintaining the integrity of biodiversity.

B. Write an essay on “Over Population”.
Over Population

Overpopulation is a common problem all over the world today. The alarming and incessant growth of population is causing serious economic problems in almost all the continents. The term ‘over-population’ is relative. In a primitive rural economy, the people wanted children in order to have more hands to work on the field. The larger the number of workers, the greater the production and the more earning for having enough food for all; a large population was not a problem. It is also not if there are sufficient living space and supply of food.

In Pakistan today, the problem has assumed serious proportions. There has been phenomenal increase of population within the last few decades, reaching up to 20 crore. Necessarily if the density of population be large, the pressure on the means of subsistence will also be unduly heavy. There will not be enough food to go round, and high prices of food grains will keep the lowest income groups on the verge of starvation.

In Pakistan, therefore, the problem of over-population will be best met by increase in the food resources of the country. Secondly, and intensive effort must be made to bring waste lands under human settlement. The propaganda for artificial birth control will be of doubtful value as long as the lower income group man, for whom family planning is most needed, does not respond adequately.

A time may soon come when under-populated countries like Australia, America or Russia may willingly welcome and receive the excess population from other countries, irrespective of colour and creed. And who knows that the moon will not be colonized. In any case, intensive efforts at developing the national resources remain a primary condition as well as responsibility.