Matric Notes Biology Class 10th Ch 18 Pharmacology Extra Short and Long Questions
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Q1. What is pharmacology?
Ans. Pharmacology: The study of drug composition, properties, medical applications and sources of drugs is called as pharmacology.
Q2. What is a pharmaceutical drugs?
Ans. Pharmaceutical drugs: any chemical substance that is used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment and prevention of a disease is called as pharmaceutical or medicinal drug.
Q3. What is the method of administering drug?
Ans: We take drugs through two routes i.e. orally or through injection
1st route: Oral drugs are absorbed from our digestive tract into the blood. The blood carries the drug to the liver, where its metabolism occurs. From the liver the metabolic products of drug enter the blood again and move to its target tissue. When a drug enters a target tissue it performs its action. The by-products of the action of drugs are carried from the tissue to kidneys, which excrete them out.
2nd route: The second route of drug administration is through injections. Drugs are injected n the muscles (intra-muscular) or directly in veins (intra-venous). Such drugs bypass the route to the liver. In this case, the entire drug is distributed to tissues and its action is faster.
Q4. What is the contribution of Sir Alexander Fleming?
Ans: Contribution of Sir Alexander Fleming
Period: 1881-1955
Place: He was a Scottish biologist.
Contribution: He discovered the antibiotics penicillin from the fungus Penicilliumnotatum.
He was working on a culture of bacteria, when he noticed a fungus (penicillium) in one culture. He observed that the fungus released a chemical which killed the bacteria. The chemical was extracted and was named as penicillin.
Noble Prize: He was awarded Noble prize in 1945.
Q5. What is the contribution of Joseph Lister?
Ans: Contribution of Joseph Lister
Period: 1827-1912
Place: He was an English surgeon.
Contribution: He promoted the idea of sterile surgery for the first time. He introduces carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instrument and to clean wounds.
Q6. What is the most common method of administering vaccine?
Ans: The most common method of administering vaccine is by injection, but some vaccines are given by mouth or nasal spray.
Q7. What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Ans: Broad spectrum antibiotics: The antibiotics that can be used to treat a wide range of infections are known as broad spectrum antibiotics.
Narrow spectrum antibiotics: The antibiotics that are only effective against a few type of bacteria are known as narrow spectrum antibiotics.
Q8. What are medicinal drugs? Explain the sources of medicinal drugs.
Ans: Definition: The chemical substances that are used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of a disease are called medicinal drugs.
Advantages: Various diseases have been made easier to treat in recent years by the production of medicinal drugs.
Sources of drugs: drugs are obtained from the following sources:
• Drugs from plants
• Drugs from fungi
• Drugs from animals
• Drugs from minerals
• Drugs from bacteria
1) Synthetic Drug: Such drugs do not occur naturally but are synthesized in laboratory. Pharmaceutical companies produce these drugs.
Example: Aspirin
2) Drugs From Plants: Many important drugs are obtained from plants. These medicines include:
• Cardiotonic
• Certain analgesics
Examples:
• Digitalis
Function: It is a cardiotonic which is used to stimulate the heart.
Source: It is made from the leaves of purple flowered plant, foxglove.
• Morphine
Function: It is a pain reliever.
Source: It is obtained from opium, which comes from the juice of poppy plant.
• Marijuana
It’s an addictive illegal drug obtained from plan Cannabissativa. It cause anxiety, dizziness, fear, and increased heart rate, memory loss, less coordination, poor sense of balance.
3) Drugs from Fungi: Some medicines are obtained from fungi.
Example: the antibiotics is obtained from a fungus Penicilliumnotatum
4) Drugs from animals: Drugs obtained from animals are usually their glandular products.
Example: The following are obtained from animal sources
➢ Musk
➢ Bee’s wax
➢ Certain hormones
➢ Antitoxins
5) Drugs from Minerals: Several drugs are produced from minerals:
Example:
• Iodine: The mineral iodine is used in making tincture of iodine.
Function: It is a liquid that helps to prevent infection when applied to cuts
• Silver Nitrate: The powder form of silver nitrate is applied on wounds to stop bleeding and prevent infections.
6) Drug from Bacteria: Many antibiotics are obtained from bacteria:
Example: Streptomycin
Q9. Explain mode of action of vaccine.
Ans. Vaccine: A material containing weakened or killed pathogens and is used to produce immunity to a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies is called as vaccine.
Work of Edward Jenner: In 1796, a British physician, Edward Jenner, infected a young boy with cowpox, by injecting pus cells. After the boy had recovered from cowpox, Jenner injected the pus cells from a smallpox patient into him. The boy did not get smallpox
Reason so it became clear that intentional infection with cowpox protected people from smallpox.
Vaccination: This method was named ‘vaccination’ and the substance used to vaccinate was called as vaccine.
Mode of action of Vaccine:
Antigens: pathogens contain special proteins called antigens.
Antibodies: when pathogens enter the body (blood) of host, these proteins stimulate the immune response in host i.e. synthesis of antibodies. Antibodies bind to pathogens and destroy them.
Production of memory cells: In addition memory cells are produced which remain in blood and provide protection against future infections with the same pathogens.
Stimulation of White blood cells: when a vaccine i.e. weakened or dead pathogens is introduced into bloodstream, the white blood cells are stimulated.
Recognition by B-lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes recognize the weakened or dead pathogens as enemies and start producing antibodies against them.
Protection against pathogens: The antibodies remain in blood and provide protection against pathogens. If real pathogens enter blood, the already present antibodies kill the pathogens.
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