Matric Notes Biology Class 10th Ch 17 Bio-Technology Long Questions
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Q1: Write a comprehensive note on the procedure of recombinant DNA technology.
Ans: Recombinant DNA technology: Direct manipulation of an organism’s genome by human using modern DNA technology is called recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA
The DNA which is combination of genes from two different sources is called recombinant DNA, so this technology is called recombinant DNA technology. Genetic vectors: Genetic vectors are vehicles for delivering foreign DNA into recipient cells. Vectors can replicate autonomously and typically include features to facilitate the manipulation of DNA as well as a genetic marker for their selective recognition. Example: The most common vectors are DNA plasmids, viruses and artificial chromosomes.
Procedure: Recombination occurs when two molecules of DNA exchange pieces of their genetic material with each other. Recombinant DNA technology is a technique where the selected DNA of one organisms(Donor) is introduced to combine with the DNA of another organisms called recipient DNA. As a result, the recipient organism acquires the genetic abilities of the donor.
Gene manipulation:
Altering the genome of an organism by introducing gene of interest is known as gene manipulation or DNA recombinant technology. As this mechanisms has the ability to engineer new organisms, it is known as genetic engineering.
Three ways of genetic recombination: Bacteria have found ways to increase their genetic diversity through three recombination techniques: 6. Transduction 7. Transformation 8. conjugation.
Example of genetic engineering: One of the most notable examples of recombination takes place during meiosis (specifically, during prophase I), when homologous chromosomes line up in pairs and swap segments of DNA. This process, also known as crossing over, creates gametes that contain new combinations of genes, which helps maximize the genetic diversity of any offspring that result from the eventual union of two gametes during sexual reproduction.
Q2: How are single cell protein produced and what is their significance?
Ans: Single cell protein: The isolated proteins obtained from a variety of microorganism, which are used as a food or feed, are called single cell proteins.
Example:
Single cell proteins are obtained from various microorganisms such as:
✓ Yeast
✓ Algae
✓ Filamentous fungi
Production of SCP: The production of single cell protein takes place in a fermentation process. This is done by selected strains of microorganisms which are multiplied on suitable raw materials in technical cultivation process directed to the growth of the culture and the cell mass followed by separation processes.
Significance:
It has the following significance:
• It is popular health food.
• It provides valuable protein rich supplement in human diet.
• It lowers the blood sugar level of diabetics due to presence of gamma-linolenic acid.
• It prevents the accumulation of cholesterol in human body.
Q3: What is the fermenter and how does it work?
Ans: Fermenter: Fermenter is a device that provides optimum environment to microorganism to grow into a biomass, so that they can interact with a substrate forming the product.
Heart of industry: In fact, the fermenter constitute the heart of any industrial fermentation process.
Types of fermenter: There are two types of fermenter:
➢ Continues fermentation
Working of fermenter: Microbes can be used by industry for mass production of certain important chemical.
• Vessel: A typical fermenter consists of a vessel which is made from stainless steel which does not corrode or affect the microbes or fermentation products. It can also be easily cleaned.
• Microbes and nutrients: Microbes and nutrients are put into the fermenter and air is bubbled through so that the microbes can respire aerobically. As carbon dioxide builds up the gas outlet releases it to avoid build up of pressure.
• Water jacket: A water jacket surrounding the fermenter maintain an optimum temperature, so the proteins do not become denature.
• Computer: Temperature, pH and oxygen probes are linked to a computer which monitor the condition inside vessel.
• Paddle stirrer: Paddle stirrer ensure that the microbes, nutrients and oxygen are well mixed and distribute the heat evenly.
• The product: The product is run off from the bottom. It is separated from the microbes and purified so that it can be sold or distributed.
Q4: Describe the advantages of using fermenters for getting products from genetically modified organisms.
Ans: Fermenter: Fermenter is a device that provides optimum environment to microorganism to grow into a biomass, so that they can interact with a substrate forming the product.
GMOs: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering.
Advantages of using fermenters for getting products from GMOs: Fermenter is the large container in which population of microorganism are grown to produce large quantities of products. Fermenters (also called bioreactor) provide suitable environment (temperature and pH etc) for quick metabolism in microorganisms. It provides a specialized medium in which all essential nutrients of microorganism are present. When raw material is added to the medium, microorganisms carry out metabolic reactions to make products. Fermenter are used for the manufacture of many product e.g.
Medicines:
• Vaccines
• Interferon
• Hormones etc.
Enzymes:
• Protease
• Lipase
Other product:
• Lactic acid
Q5: Describe how biotechnology is helping humankind in the field of food and health.
Ans: Biotechnology: The using of living organisms and their products for the welfare of human beings, other animals and crops is known as biotechnology.
➢ Biotechnology for food: Food biotechnology is the use of technology to modify the genes of our food sources.
It has the following uses:
• More food, less land: Use of biotech plants can produce more food on less land, by reducing the amount of crops lost to disease and pests.
• Reduce CO2 emission: It can reduce CO2 emissions from the farming process, the amount of pesticides used to produce foods, and in the future, the amount of water needed to grow crops.
• Enhance air: Growing biotech crops can actually help enhance air, water and soil quality and overall sustainability.
• Less pesticides: Agricultural biotechnology allows farmers to use less pesticide on their crops and helps reduce soil tillage, fossil fuel use, and runoff from farmers' fields.
• Use of Biotechnology to Improve Yield: Milk is of the food item used all over the world due to its nutritional value. Bovine Somatotropin is a hormone released by pituitary gland. It raises the milk production. Previously this hormone was extracted from brain of slaughtered calves. But that results in low quantity. Scientists inserted gene encoding bovine Somatotropin in Escherichia coli . Now this hormone is obtained in higher quantity. This hormone results in 10-12% rise in milk production.
• Genetically modified food:
✓ Cotton
✓ Potatoes
✓ Papaya
✓ Squash
✓ Canola
✓ Alfalfa.
➢ Biotechnology for health: Healthcare biotechnology refers to a medicinal or diagnostic product or a vaccine that consists of, or has been produced in, living organisms and may be manufactured via recombinant technology.
It has the following advantages:
• This technology has a tremendous impact on meeting the needs of patients and their families as it not only encompasses medicines and diagnostics that are manufactured using a biotechnological process, but also gene and cell therapies and tissue engineered products.
• Biotechnology offers patients a variety of new solutions such as: Unique, targeted and personalized therapeutic and diagnostic solutions for particular diseases or illnesses, an unlimited amount of potentially safer products, Superior therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, and higher clinical effectiveness because of the biological basis of the disease being known.
• Development of vaccines for immunity, Treatment of diseases, Cultured Stem Cells and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Skin related ailments and use of cultured cell, Genetic Counseling, Forensic Medicine, Gene Probes etc.
Example:
✓ Pharmacogenomics
✓ Biomedical Innovations
✓ Monoclonal Antibodies
✓ Viral Vector Manufacturing for Gene Therapies.
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