Matric Notes Biology Class 10th Ch 11 Homeostasis Extra Short and Long Questions
Q1: What is homeostasis?
Ans: Homeostasis:
The changes in the internal environment of an organism to adjust themselves and manage the changes in the external environment are called homeostasis. In simple words the response of the organisms against the changes in environment is called homeostasis.
Parts of homeostasis:
There are three integral parts of homeostasis which take place in plants, animals and human beings
ii. Thermoregulation
iii. Excretion
1: Osmoregulation:
Maintaining water solute balance is known as osmoregulation.
2: Thermoregulation:
Maintaining the internal temperature within the tolerable range is known as thermoregulation.
3: Excretion:
The removal or elimination of metabolic wastes (nitrogenous wastes) from the body to maintain healthy internal environment is called excretion.
4: Susceptible Components:
The most important and susceptible components of internal environment which are readily affected by fluctuation in external environment are:
ii. Solutes
iii. Temperature
Q2: Why homeostasis is necessary for living organisms?
Ans: Important of homeostasis:
ii. Homeostasis help the organisms to protect its internal environment from the harmful effects of fluctuations in the external environment.
Q3: Write main groups of plants according to water availability?
Ans: Types of plants:
Plants can be differentiated into the following three main groups on the basis of availability of water.
ii. Mesophytes
iii. Xerophytes
1: Hydrophytes:
Hydrophytes are those plants which grow in abundance of water. e.g.
ii. Water lilly
iii. Phytoplanktons
2: Mesophytes:
Mesophytes are those plants which grow in soil with moderate supply of water. e.g.
ii. Rose
iii. Mango
iv. Cereal crops.
3: Xerophytes:
Those plants which grow in limited supply of water are called xerophytes or desert plants. e.g.
ii. Cactus
iii. Opuntia
Q4: Describe osmoregulation in various plants?
Ans: Osmoregulation in various plants:
On the basis of availability of water, plants can be differentiated into three main groups; hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes.
1: Hydrophytes:
II. They have the adaptations to remove the excessive water.
III. The surface area of leaves in hydrophytes is very large to transpire water excessively.
IV. Large number of stomata are present on the upper surface (facing the atmosphere) to promote loss of water.
Examples:
II. Water lilly
III. Phytoplanktons
2: Mesophytes:
II. Generally their water supply fluctuates.
III. At rainy season or at the time of watering they have more water to absorb.
IV. In sufficient supply of water stomata are kept open to promote loss of excess water.
V. When the water supply decreases, the stomata are gradually closed to prevent the water loss.
VI. Most plants around us are mesophytes, e.g. Brassica, jasmine, rose, sheesham, mango and all cereal crops etc.
3: Xerophytes:
ii. They show adaptation to reduce the rate of transpiration.
iii. Many xerophytes possess small, thick leaves to limit water loss by reducing surface area.
iv. Their cuticle on the leaves and stem is thick, waxy and leathery.
v. Stomata are sunken and fewer in numbers and are on lower surface of the leaves.
vi. In many xerophytes leaves are totally absent to avoid transpiration and the green stem perform the process of photosynthesis.
vii. In rainy season, their stem store water for use in dry conditions.
viii. The leaves of some xerophytes are reduced to spines to conserve water.
Example:
Cactus, Opuntia and acacia
Q5: Describe human lungs as homeostatic organ?
Ans: Lungs as homeostatic organ:
2. During cellular respiration the CO2 and water vapors are produced in every cell as a byproduct.
3. CO2 and water vapors are eliminated from the body through lungs because their accumulation in the body is very dangerous.
4. CO2 is an acidic gas which makes the blood more acidic by lowering the ph.
5. This acidic nature of CO2 disturbs all chemical reaction in the body.
6. CO2 has great affinity for water, so it dissolves in blood plasma and reaches the lungs.
7. In lungs pressure of CO2 is reduced due to which it is released from blood plasma along with water vapors during contraction of lungs.
Q6: Write a note on the human urinary (excretory) system?
Ans: Human urinary system:
The human urinary system consist of
b. Ureter
c. Urinary bladder.
A. Kidney:
2. The right kidney is placed a little anterior.
3. The kidneys are dark brown, bean shaped in structure.
4. On the concave side of each kidney there is a depression called Hilus.
B. Hilus:
From the Hilus of each kidney a tube arises which is called ureter. Ureter brings urine from kidney into the urinary bladder.
C. Urinary Bladder:
2. Urinary bladder is a sac like structure which stores the urine for some time and then expels it through urethra during urination.
3. In female the urine is excreted through vagina and in males through penis.
4. There is a ring of sphincter muscles near the junction of urethra and urinary bladder which controls the urine in urinary bladder.
5. In babies this sphincter is not developed properly so they cannot stop their urination.
6. We feel the need of urination when three hundred to four hundred 300-400 ml of urine is collected.
Q7: What are the various parts of the nephron? Relate them with their function?
Ans: Nephron:
Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney. Each kidney consists of millions of nephron.
The function of nephron is same as kidney, which are
2. Osmoregulation
Parts of nephron:
2) Renal tubules
1. Renal corpuscle:
Renal corpuscle is composed of
a. Bowman capsule: It is a cup shaped structure which receives the filtrate from glomerulus.
b. Glomerulus: Glomerulus is a network of capillaries which is present inside the Bowman’s capsule. It help the filtration of blood during urine formation.
2. Renal tubule : Renal tubule is differentiated into three main regions which are given below.
b. Distal convoluted tubule ( D.C.T)
c. These tubule help in the reabsorption and tubular secretion during which the urine takes its final shape.
Q8: Describe the process of the urine formation.
Ans: Process of urine formation:
The process of urine formation is divided into the following three sub process.
2. Selective reabsorption.
3. Tubular secretion.
1. Pressure filtration:
ii. Blood is filtered in glomerulus because of porous walls and narrow nature of glomerulus network.
iii. During passing the blood through glomerulus, the filtrate is collected in Bowman’s capsule and is called Bowman’s filtrate.
iv. Everything which is smaller than pores of the glomerulus is filtered out of the blood.
v. Generally water, dissolved salts, sugar, medicines and nitrogenous wastes are filtered out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule. vi. Blood cells and plasma proteins are not filtered because they are large in size.
2. Selective reabsorption:
All the useful substances of bowman’s filtrate are re-absorbed into the blood back near the proximal convoluted tubules and loop of Henle. These useful substances which are re-absorbed are water, nutrients, glucose, amino acid and salts like sodium chloride (NaCl).When the filtrate leaves P.C.T it mostly contains nitrogenous waste and some water. During selective reabsorption the kidney utilize metabolic energy to reabsorb these useful nutrients against concentration gradient.
2. Tubular secretion:
During tubular secretion the tubule epithelium secrete some substances into its lumen (cavity).These secretion mainly contains hydrogen ions, ammonium ions and drugs. The hydrogen ions balance the
pH value of filtrate. After filtration and reabsorption the filtrate is converted into urine during tubular secretion. This urine is collected in the pelvis of the kidney from where it reaches to urinary bladder through urethra. During urination urine is removed from urinary bladder through urethra.
Q9: Describe kidney as homeostatic organ.
Ans: Kidney as homeostatic organ:
In human beings kidneys perform two main functions i.e.
2. Blood filtration (urine formation)
Osmoregulation:
If there are more solutes (less water) in the blood, the kidneys retain water in the body because reabsorption of water from the bowman’s filtrate is increased. This is done by releasing more antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H) by interior pituitary gland. This hormone increases the permeability of the walls of renal tubule and more water is absorbed from the filtrate. As a result the urine volume decreases and more water is retain in the body. If there is more water then more urine is produced to remove excess of water from the body. This is done by reducing or stopping the release of antidiuretic hormone from anterior pituitary gland. As a result more urine is produced to release excess water from the body. In the light of the above two processes kidneys maintain the normal volume of water in the body.
Q10: What are the organs of homeostatic in human?
Ans: Organs of homeostasis:
The main organs of homeostatic in human being are given below:
2. Lungs
3. Kidneys
Q11: How the dogs increase evaporation of water from their bodies?
Ans: Evaporation in dogs:
Dogs do not have pores in their skin. They keep their tongue hanging outside their mouth which increases evaporation of water. In this way they produce cooling effect in their body.
Q12: Who used the term internal and external environments?
Ans: Claude Bernard: Claude Bernard used the term internal and external environments for the first time about a century ago.
Q13: Why we suffer from fever or high temperature during infection?
Ans: Fever of high temp during infection:
2. These pathogens and blood cells produce chemicals called as pyrogens.
3. Pyrogens displace the set point of hypothalamus above the normal point of 31◦Cwhich result in high fever.
4. This fever or high temperature helps in stimulating the protective mechanisms against the pathogens.
Q14: What are the various method used for removal of kidney stones?
Ans: Method for removal of kidney stones:
Various methods for the removal of kidney stones are given below:
2. Lithotripsy
3. Surgery
Q15: Describe liver as homeostatic organ.
Ans: Liver as homeostatic organ: Liver also plays role in homeostasis. It breaks the hemoglobin of dead red blood cells. The products of hemoglobin breakdown are sent to kidney for removal. Liver changes the ammonia (Produced in the metabolisms of proteins) to urea. Urea is then removed from the body by kidneys.
Q16: How does diabetes causes kidney diseases?
Ans: Diabetes causes kidney disease: The blood vessels in the kidneys which function as filter are damaged when there is high sugar in the blood. The damage blood vessels then do not function as filters and the blood cannot be cleaned properly. The body will have more water and salts which can result in weight gain and ankle swelling. Urine may have more proteins and the blood may have more wastes. Many people with the diabetes also develop high blood pressure, which can also damage their kidneys
Q17: Define lithotripsy. What is extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy?
Ans: Lithotripsy: Lithotripsy is the non-surgical removal of kidney stones. In this technique the kidney stones are broken down with the help of x-rays or ultrasound waves.
Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy: There are various methods of lithotripsy in which the most common is extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy(E.S.W.L).In this method the kidney stones is bombarded with highly contracted x-rays or
ultrasound waves. The machine used in this process is called lithotripter. This machine is placed on the back side of patient’s body to focus the rays on the kidney stone. This process is observed on a monitor (screen).The shock waves break the stones in small pieces which are passed out of the body during urinating. Lithotripsy works best on the stone size is between 4mm to 2mm in diameter. When the stone grow larger then surgical removal is prescribed by the doctors
Q18: Describe the renal or kidney failure.
Ans: Kidney failure: Renal failure is due to various pathological and chemical factors in nephron in which glomerulus is destroyed and stop functioning.
Consequences of renal failure: When nephron fails to filter the blood properly the level of urea and other nitrogenous wastes increases in the blood plasma. This can increases blood pressure and anemia in the patient body. In the long term renal failure may cause death of patient.
Causes:
Various causes of kidney failure are
• Chemical factors pathological factors i.e. Kidney infection.
Q19: What is the principle of dialysis?
Ans: Dialysis:
Dialysis means separation, filtration or purification. In dialysis the patient blood is cleaned by passing it through a dialysis machine or by filtering it within the body through catheter. The dialysis machine is also known as artificial kidney or dialyzer.
Principles:
▪ Dialysis machine works on the same principles as human kidney.
▪ It removes the nitrogenous waste and extra water from the blood.
▪ It is used when kidney fails to work.
▪ Dialysis is done again and again but it is not a permanent treatment.
Q20: What are various types of dialysis?
Ans: Types of dialysis:
There are two types of dialysis.
ii. Peritoneal dialysis.
Q21: Describe peritoneal dialysis?
Ans: Peritoneal dialysis:
2. Peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid that enters the body through a catheter.
3. Excess water and wastes pass through the peritoneum into the dialysis fluid. This process is repeated several times in a day.
4. Dialyzer is a machine that works on the same principles as the kidney for removing nitrogenous wastes, excess water from the blood.
5. It is used after kidney failure.
Q22: What is kidney transplantation?
Ans: Kidney transplantation:
▪ For kidney transplantation the blood groups must match I-e the blood group recipient and that of the kidney donor must be same.
▪ The transplanted kidney is surgically fixed in the urinary and blood systems of the patient’s body.
Q23: Write a note on contribution of Abdul-Qasim in the field of biology?
Ans: Contributions of Abdul Qasim al- Zahrarawi:
2. He was born in 936 C.E in Zahra near Cordova.
3. He is best known for surgery and his book Al- Tasrif.
4. His book is composed of thirty volumes.
5. His book Al-Tasrif is also regarded as medial encyclopedia.
6. In his book he describe various aspects of surgical treatment based on operations such as removal of stone from urinary bladder.
7. Dissection of animals, surgery if eye, ear and throat.
Q24: Describe the contribution of AL-Razi in the field of biology?
Ans: Contribution of Al-Razi:-
2. He was a famous Muslim doctor, scholar, and philosopher.
3. He had found the causes of bladder stones and also the techniques to remove them.
4. His most appreciated work was on kidney stone and bladder stone.
5. His book about stones in kidney and bladder got high fame all over the world.
6. The name of his book is “Ketab dar padid Amadaneh sangrizeh”.
7. The book on formation of small stones.
Q25: Describe the contribution of AL-FARABI.
Ans: The contribution of Al-Farabi: The great Turkish philosopher and scientists Abu Nasr Al-FARABI (known as Alpharabius: 872-950 AD) wrote many books. He provided a lot of information about kidney diseases, including stones in the urinary bladder.
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