O-Level History and Culture of Pakistan Paper 1 Timelines

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Mughal Period

Date	Event
1707	Death of Aurangzeb
1738-9	Persian Invasion under Nadir Shah
1761	Marathan Army destroyed in the 3rd battle of Paniput

British Expansion and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.

Date	Event
1612	First British post at Surat.
1757	Battle of Plessey.
1773	Regulating Act passed to make EIC accountable to British parliament.
1778-82	British War against Marathas.
1780-84	British wages war over Haider Ali of Mysore
1784	India Act give authority to British Government over EIC and Indian Issues.
1800	EIC prohibits export of India Cloth to Britain.
1839-41	Capture over Afghanistan and the great massacre by Afghanis on British.
1843	British Annexes Sindh.
1845	First Sikh War.
1848-49	Second Sikh War.
1853	First public journey by train in India happens.
1857	War of Independence.
1858	British takes Direct control over India. End of EIC role in India.
1862	Sir Syed Ahmed Khan sets up the Scientific Society
1873	EIC is wound away.
1875	Sir Syed Ahmed founds the college at Aligarh
1857	Sir Syed Ahmed knighted by British.
1885	Indian National Congress set up.
1900	Hindi granted equal status to Urdu.

The Pakistan Movement

Date	Event
1899	Lord Curzon appointed as Viceroy
1905	Partition of Bengal; Swadeshi Movement by Hindus
1906	Hindus demand self government; All India Muslim League is set up.
1909	Jinnah becomes an Active Congress member. Morley Minto Reforms; Indian Council Act.
1911	Partition of Bengal reversed.
1913	Muslim League demands Self Government.
1914-18	World War 1
1916	Lucknow Pact
1917-21	Lord Chelmsford is declared as the new viceroy.
1918	Mont Ford Reforms.
1919	Rowlatt Act- Imprisonment without Trial. Amritsar Massacre. Government of India Act
1920-22	Khilafat and Ghandi’s Non-cooperation Movement. Hijrat Movement
1922	Chauri Chaura Incident
1923-24	Turkey becomes Republic; Attaturk Abolishes Caliphate.
1923	Jinnah joins Swaraj Party
1927	Simon Commission Set up
1928	Nehru Report.
1929	Jinnah gives his 14 points.
1930	1st Round Table Conference. Allama Iqbal Allahabad Address
1931	2nd Round Table Conference.
1932	3rd Round Table Conference
1933	Chuadhry Rehmat Ali publishes “Now or Never”
1935	India Act 1935 passed
1937	Elections take place, Congress wins the Election.
1939	Congress Ministries resigned; Day of Deliverance celebrated.
1940	Lahore Resolution; August Offer
1941	Atlantic Charter
1942	Cripps Mission; Quit India Movement
1944	Gandhi Jinnah Talks
1945	Simla Conference; End of World War 2
1946	Cabinet Mission Plan. Direct Action Day; Calcutta Riotts.
1947	3 June Plan
-	Pakistan and India achieve Independence.
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The New Nation

Date	Event
1947	Pakistan Achieves Independence; Kashmir Issue begins; Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister.
1948	Death of Quid-e-Azam; Water Dispute with India;
1949	Ceasefire on Kashmir Issue.
1951	Liaquat Ali Khan Assassinated. Khwaja Nazimuddin
1955	One Unit Policy by Iskandar Mirza.; Parliamentary Government Restored
1956	First Constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic.
1958	Ayub Khan takes power; martial law regimes.
1959	Basic Democracies takes hold.
1960	Ayub Khan becomes President; Government moves to Islamabad
1962	The new constitution.
1965	Ayub Khan wins presidential election against Fatima Jinnah.
1966	Bhutto resigns from Ayub Khan’s Government
1967	New Capital Officially Completed and Declared; PPP formed.
1969	Ayub Khan again declares Martial Law.
1970	Elections; Awami League wins in East Pakistan; PPP wins in West Pak.
1966	6 point Programme
1971	War begins against Bangladesh. Bangladesh separates.
1972	Simla Accord signed.
1973	Bhutto’s Constitution.
1974	Islamic Summit.
1977	Bhutto calls the elections; Bhutto charged with conspiracy to murder. General Zia seizes power. Hudood Ordinance introduced.
1979	Bhutto Hanged in Rawalpindi.
1979	USSR invades over Afghanistan. Zia agrees with US to help Afghanistan
1988	USSR troops withdraw. General Zia die’s in a plane crash.

Pakistan’s International Relations with India

Date	Event
1948-49	Kahmir Issue and ceasefire. India stops Pakistan’s Water supply. Agreement over Bengal and Assam border.
1950	Liaquat Nehru Pact for the minorities in both countries.
1965	India-Pakistan War
1971	Another War. Bangladesh separated
1972	Simla Accord
1987	Threat of War from India.
1988-89	Good relations with the democratic set up.
1989	Kargal Issue; Relations deteriorate.
1999-2007	Good relations in Musharaf Government.
2007-11	Very Good relations with the Zardari Government
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Pakistan’s International Relations with Afghanistan

Date	Event
1947	Unfriendly relations due to border dispute of Wakhan Strip. Afghanistan opposes Pakistan’s membership in UNO.
1955	Relations further deteriorate due to Afghanis attacking on Kabul Embassy
1966	Iskandar Mirza visits Afghanistan to normalize the relations
1965-71	Afghanistan did not support Pakistan in Wars against India but was neutral.
1974	ZAQ visits Afghanistan..
1979-88	Good relations because of Pakistan aid against Russian invasion and Ceasefire.
1988-92	Civil War Breaks in Afghanistan and Pakistan helps in formation of Mujahiddin Government.
1992	Very good relations with Mullah Omar Government.
1993-99	Good relations with Mujahidin Government.
2000-01	Relations deteriorated due to Musharaf’s American Support on 9/11 incident.
2008-11	Better relations than Musharaf’s government and many pacts have been signed.
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Pakistan Relation with Iran

Very good relation since ancient times due to Ottoman Empire and Islamic Bond.

Date	Event
1947	Iran is the first to Acknowledge Pakistan’s existence.
1949	Pakistan's PM visits Iran.
1955	Iran and Iraq join Pakistan in Baghdad Pact.
1964	Both countries join In RCD (Regional COOPERATION Development.)
1965-71	Iran supports Pakistan in the Wars.
1972-73	ZAQ’s Government and relations remained good.
1979	Iranian Revolution and Pakistan supported it, trying to establish good with the new government.
1985	RCD restructured and was made more effective.
1985-88	Good relations under G. Zia.
1988	Benazir Government. Very Good Relations.
1998-99	Good relations
1999-07	Not very good relations due to nuclear Issue and American pressure on Pakistan to turn against Iran.
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Pakistan Relations with China.

Date	Event
1949	China becomes Independent.
1952	Diplomatic relations between the countries begin. Pakistan supports China to get UNO membership.
1959	China voted against China Admission to UN and condemned the military action in Tibet.
1960’s	A $60 Million long Term interest free loan regarding import of machinery.
1961-62	China applied for permanent membership of Security Council. Pakistan supported this act.
1962	Pakistan support to China in China-India War.
1963	Boundary Agreement in 1963. China allows PIA to use Chinese air ports and provided loans.
1965-71	China supports Pakistan in the wars against India.
1964	Good relations. Prime ministers meet.
1978	Karakoram Highway for better trade established.
1986	Civil treaty nuclear cooperation.
1993-2000	Pakistan fully supports religious movement in China.
2000-07	Good Relations with Musharaf Government, many treaties signed.

Pakistan and USA.

Date	Event
1947	Pakistan joins UNO and becomes Pro American Country.
1950	PM Liaquat Ali visits United States.
1955	SEATO and CENTO signed for military and economic aid given. For Defense.
1956	Pakistan supports USA spy Mission. U2 issue weakened relations.
1962	Relations Strained because US was aiding India in war against China.
1965 and 71	Pakistan was not provided with military aid. It left CETO and CENTO
1972-74	Not good relations with Bhutto government and Nuclear Issue.
1977-79	Zia was not supported and relations remained bad. Aid was suspended.
1979-89	Very good relations because Zia’s favour and help against USSR invasion in Afghanistan.
1989-99	Not very good relations with the democratic government.
1998-99	Bad relations because of Nuclear bomb testing by Pakistan.
2000-08	Very good relations with Musharaf government.
2008-11	Very Good relations.

Pakistan and United Nations

Date	Event
1947	Pakistan get UN membership. UNHCR aids in solving refugee problem.
1948	UN passes resolution on Kashmir Issue. UN plays its role in ceasefire over Kashmir. Canal Water Dispute, UN helps to solve it.
1965	UN again plays its role over cease fire over Kashmir War and arranged the Tashkan Agreement.
1971	Indian invasion and separation of Bengal; UNO failed and relations with Pakistan disrupted.
1978	Russian invasion- UNO aided Pakistan to stop Russian invasion in Afghanistan.
1988	Russian War ends and Pakistan is appointed to arrange Juneva Agreement.
2001	9/11 Incident; American invasion over Afghanistan, UNO supported Pakistan in support for USA
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Pakistan Relation with Common Wealth countries

Pakistan s initial relations were difficult due to the reluctance of British to accept Pakistan and the injustice of Boundary Commission. On the other hand Pakistan needed Britain and its senior officials for training of Army and official workers. Throughout the first 40 years of its emergence Pakistan has stayed on good terms with Britain.

Date	Event
1956	Pakistan declares itself republic by making its own constitution. Until now it had been under the British Crown. Relations deteriorated because Pakistan criticized Britain over the invasion of Suez Canal
1960	Relations improved as many Pakistani’s went to Britain due to the construction of Tarbela and Mangla Dam.
1965	Britain played a major role in ending the war between India and Pakistan.
1971	Britain recognized Bangladesh as separate country against the will of Pakistan and so Pakistan left Common Wealth in protest.
1980’s	Britain remained a strong ally and trading Partner.
1989	Relations improved because Pak. Returned to Common Wealth.
1979-88	British supported Pakistan and aided in Afghan Crisis. British supported Pakistan and aided in Afghan Crisis.
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Relations with Bangladesh

Date	Event
1971	Very bitter relation. Pakistan stated to break bonds with any country ready to recognize Bangla as a separate country.
1974	Pakistan invited Shiekh Mujib on the Islamic Summit Conference. Both countries agreed to try having friendly relations.
1974	Bhutto visits Bangladesh and division of Assets was discussed.
1975	Shiekh Mujib died and the new leader tried to improve the relations further but refused to withdraw claim over assets.
1985 and 88	Bangladesh hit by severe storm, Pakistan was the first country to contribute for them.
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Pakistan and USSR

Date	Event
1947	Pakistan joined UNO, Russia was not happy.
1949	Visit of Liaquat Ali to USA rather than USA harms initial relations.
1950-	Russia began to support India over Kashmir Issue.
1954	Joining SEATO with USA widened the gulf.
1954	Pakistan joined Anti-Communist Pact which angered Russia.
1956	Rejecting Aid from USSR harmed relations.
1960	Pakistan Accepted Soviet assistance in search of Water and mineral. U2 Crises harmed the relations.
1961	Soviet Oil Exploration in Pakistan.
1963	Pakistan receives Pound 11 Million loan.
1965	Improvement in relation because Pakistan left SEATO and CENTO. Visit of Ayub Khan.
1968	Soviet Arms supplied to Pakistan.
1972	ZAB’s gov. tried to improve relations by signing agreement to built Steel Mill in Pakistan and visiting USSR.
1978-88	Bad relations because of Russian Invasion over Afghanistan.
1989-1999	Better relations with the 4 democratic gov.
2000-2007	Bad relations because of Pakistan’s support for America over the War of Terrorism.