Matric Notes Biology Class 10th Ch 14 Reproduction Extra Short and Long Questions

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Q1: Write a note on reproduction and its types.

Ans: Reproduction: It is a process by which living organisms produces organisms of their own kind. It occurs both in plants and animals. It result in the transmission of the genetic material from one generation to another generation.

Types of reproduction:

Reproduction can be divided into two main types which are as follows.

a. Asexual reproduction b. Sexual Reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction: It is the type of reproduction in which the offspring are produced without involving the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from two parents.

No genetic variation: In this type of reproduction the resulting offspring are similar to the parent. This type of reproduction does not create genetic variations and the offspring are clones.

2. Sexual reproduction: It is the type of reproduction in which gametes of the male and female parents fuse to produce offspring.

Variation: The offspring produced as a result of sexual reproduction have a blend of characteristic from the parents.

Q2: What are the different types of asexual reproduction?

Ans: Asexual reproduction: It is the production of one or more offspring from a single parent which does not involve the fusion of gametes.

Types of reproduction:

There are the following types and mechanisms of reproduction.

i. Binary fission
ii. Budding
iii. By spore formation
iv. Cutting
v. Grafting
vi. Layering

Q3: Write a note on binary fission.

Ans: Binary fission: Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the parent organisms divides into two daughter organisms.

Example:

The process of binary fission is found in Euglena, chlamydomonas and bacteria.

Explanation:

1. In bacteria binary fission takes place during favorable conditions.
2. During binary fission first the DNA molecule divides and forms two DNA molecules.
3. Each one of these DNA molecules move towards the opposite side of bacterium cell.
4. At the same time cell membrane invaginates inward from the two sides those result in septum formation.
5. When it meets in the center it separates the bacterium cell into two daughter bacterial cell.
6. These daughter cells then starts their independent life, grow and divide again.

Q4: Write a note on budding.

Ans: Budding: The process of asexual reproduction in which the new organisms are produced from an outgrowth (bud) which arises on the parent body.

Example: The process of budding is found in yeast.

Explanation:

1. During budding, an outgrowth arises from the body of the parents.
2. This outgrowth is called bud.
3. The nucleus divide, and one of the daughter nucleus along with cytoplasm enter into the bud.
4. It develops into a new organisms, which contains cytoplasm and nucleus.
5. On separation from parent’s cell it develop into a new organisms.

Q5: Describe asexual reproduction by spore formation.

Ans: Spore formation: The production of new organisms by the release of spore is known as asexual reproduction by spore formation.

Example: Spore formation is found in fungi like Rhizopus, Mucor and Mushroom.

Explanation:

1. In Rhizopus , the common bread mold, body consist of thread like hyphae which form mycelium.
2. Mycelium of rhizopus consist of three types of hyphae.
3. There is a rounded structure at the tip of erect hypae (sporangiophore) called sporangium.
4. The sporangium contains spores.
5. These spores are small, light and dry.
6. They are easily carried by wind from one place to another.
7. When the spore reach a suitable place, they develop into a new Rhizopus.

Q6: Write a note on artificial vegetative propagation in plants.

Ans: Artificial vegetative propagation of plants: Human have developed method of using vegetative parts of plants to produce more plants. These method are called artificial vegetative propagation of plants.

Types of artificial vegetative propagation:

i. Cutting
ii. Grafting
iii. Cloning

1. Cutting:

i. In horticulture practice some part of the plant stem, leaf, or root is cut off the parent plant and is used for producing new plants, which is known as cutting.
ii. In some plants, the stem or root is able to make whole new plant.
iii. Such pieces of stem and root of a plant are can cut and used them to grow new plant.
iv. Such pieces of stem and root are called cutting.
v. It is a convenient and inexpensive method of propagation.

Example:

1. Rose (stem cutting)
2. Grapes (stem cutting)
3. Chrysanthemum (stem cutting)
4. Black berries (root cutting)
5. Verbenas (stem cutting)
6. Aprican violet ( leaf cutting)

2. Grafting :

It is a type of artificial propagation in which a branch from a good variety plant is taken and fixed on the ordinary plant of the same species.

i. It is a method used to get better quality and quantity of fruits.
ii. In grafting, the branch of a desired variety of plant is attached (grafted) on to a stem of an ordinary plant.
iii. The grafted branch grows and bear fruits of better quality. This method is used to propagate almost all fruit trees (e.g. almond, plum, cherries etc.) and many ornamental trees.

3. Cloning:

Cloning is a technique of asexual reproduction in which a population of genetically identical individual is produced from a single parent, using tissues or cells of the parent.

Example: Dolly the first mammal to be cloned.

Explanation:

Clones are asexually produced offspring that except from mutation that occurs during the growth process processes are genotypically identical to their one and only genetic parent.

Advantages:

1. Cloning enables that the good characteristic of parent are passed as such to all of its offspring.
2. This is a very useful features in horticultural to preserve the quality of the yield.
3. Cloning is adopted to increase agricultural output.

Disadvantages:

1. The disadvantages of cloning are rapid aging and low resistance to disease and other environmental stresses.
2. Under such conditions the whole population could be wiped out.
3. It is not acceptable socially, culturally and morally.

Q7: What are the asexual reproduction in animals?

Ans: Asexual reproduction:

It is the type of reproduction in which the offspring are produced without involving the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from two parents.

Types of asexual reproduction:

1. Fragmentation
2. Budding
3. Parthenogenesis

Q8: Define fragmentation in animals. Also mention example.

Ans: Fragmentation: In fragmentation the body of an organisms breaks into many parts called fragments. Each fragment develop into a new organisms.

Example: It occurs in very small organisms like planaria.

Q9: Define budding in animals. Also mention example.

Budding: Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a bud arises and develops into a new organisms and then detach from the parent body. A bud is a bulb like projection or outgrowth. This arises on parent body.

Example: The process of budding is found in hydra.

Explanation:

i. In budding a small (outgrowth) originates from the body.
ii. It grows and increases in size and develops tentacles.
iii. The small bird like organisms start feeding.
iv. After development it detaches from the parent body and leads independent life.

Q9: Write a note on parthenogenesis in animals.

Ans: Parthenogenesis: Parthenogenesis is a special type of asexual reproduction in which a female gametes develop into young individuals without fertilization. It is a modification of sexual reproduction in which eggs develop without fertilization.

Example: Honey bees, rotifers etc.

Q10: Define male reproductive system in rabbits.

Ans: Reproductive system of male rabbit:- The reproductive system of male rabbit consist of reproductive organs. Such as testes, penis and various glands.

Testes: Testes are male gamete where sperms are produced. In mature male rabbit the testes lie outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac, one or either side of the penis.

Scrotum: The gonads are located in a sac-like structure called, the scrotum, which lies outside the body.

Seminiferous tubule: Each testis (singular) is made of coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. The information of sperms take places in the seminiferous tubules.

Epididymis: The associated ducts in the male reproductive system consist of two epididymis and two sperm ducts (vas deference). Both sperm ducts join with the urethra, which transport the sperms outside.

Various glands: Some glands are linked with the associated ducts. These glands add secretion to the sperms.

Seminal vesicles: The secretion of seminal vesicles has nutrients for the sperms.

Prostate gland: The secretion of prostate gland neutralizes the acidity.

Cowper’s gland: The secretion of the cowper’s gland lubricates the ducts.

Q11: Define female reproductive system in rabbits.

Ans: Reproductive system of female rabbit:

1. The reproductive system is that system which consists of reproductive organs helps in reproduction.
2. The reproductive system of female rabbit consists of the following reproductive organs.

i. Ovaries and ducts.
ii. Vagina

i. Ovaries:

Ovaries are female gonads where ova (eggs) are produced. In female there is a pair, yellowish, oval, small ovaries. The ovaries are present posterior to the kidneys and attached to the dorsal abdominal wall. The surface of ovary is rough due to the graafian follicles which contain ova.

a. Fallopian funnel:- Fallopian funnel is present close the ovary which leads into a narrow convoluted portion called fallopian tube.

b. Oviduct:- The tube which brings ova from ovary into vagina is known as oviduct.

c. Uterus:- Each oviduct becomes wide posteriorly and form uterus.

ii. Vagina:-

Vagina is the reproductive organ in which sperms are injected by male to fuse with ova. The two uteri combine below to form median vagina. The vagina unites with neck of urinary bladder. There is a common urino genital canal (vestibule) which opens outside through vulva. Vulva is the genital aperture of the female reproductive system.

iii. Glands:-

In female rabbit prostate glands are not present but Cowper’s glands are present which are much reduced.

Q12: Define sexual transmitted disease and give one example.

Ans: Sexually transmitted disease: A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an illness which transmits between human by means of human sexual behaviors.

Example: AIDS

AIDS: AIDS stands for Acquired Immune deficiency syndromes. It is a sexually transmitted disease.

Cause:- AIDS is caused by a virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Mode of transmission: It modes of transmission are as follows.

i. Sharing drug needles with an infected person.
ii. By sharing razors with infected people.
iii. Through immoral sexual behavior.
iv. Through infected mother milk.

Symptoms: The initial symptom of HIV are similar to the flu and include fever, swollen lymph glands, headaches, muscle aches, fatigue and fever. However, many people fail to notice any HIV symptoms.

Treatment: There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, HIV medications usually include antivirus drugs that are taken to hinder the growth and even kill off part of the HIV cell.