Matric Notes Class 10th English Book Exercise Chapter 4 First Aid Grammar Writing Skills

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Grammar

Position of Adverbs

Adverb describes how the action happens (manner), where the action happens (place), when the action happens (times) and to what extent the action happens.

A. Place adverbs at appropriate places.

1. I am happy when it is my birthday. (always).

Ans. I am always happy when it is my birthday.

2. My brother gets up six o’ clock from Monday to Friday as he goes jogging. (often).

Ans. My brother gets up at six o’ clock from Monday to Friday as he often goes jogging.

3. He went to market. (last night).

Ans. He went to the market last night.

4. Have you been to Hunza valley? (ever).

Ans. Have you ever been to Hunzavally?

5. The birds were chirping. (beautifully).

Ans. The birds were chirping beautifully.

6. I’m waiting for Khalid to arrive. I have been waiting for over twenty minutes. (still).

Ans. I’m still waiting for Khalid to arrive. I have been waiting for over twenty minutes.

7. He saw a blind beggar. (in the market).

Ans. He saw a blind beggar in the market.

Adverb Phrase

It works as the adverb of a verb.

The boy (subject) runs (Verb) very fast (the adverb phrase).

Adverb can be replaced by an equivalent adverb phrase.

She spoke loudly. (adverb)

She spoke in a loud manner. (adverb phrase)

B. Find a suitable adverb to replace each adverb phrase in the following sentences.

1. Our teacher wanted that work to be done without delay.

Ans. Our teacher wanted that work to be done soon.

2. She is without doubt the most caring person I have met.

Ans. She is undoubtedly the most caring person I have met.

3. This plant flowers once every year.

Ans. This plant flowers yearly.

4. You should complete the work in a while.

Ans. You should complete the work shortly.

5. The two old friends met each other by accident.

Ans. The two old friends met each other accidentally.

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerund (a verbal noun)

Gerunds have the following functions.

Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

1. She is fond (Adjective) + of (Preposition) + cooking (Gerund)

Verb + Preposition + Gerund

2. The man was accused (Verb) + of (Preposition) + over speeding (Gerund)

Noun + Verb + Pronoun + Preposition + Gerund

3. Teacher (Noun) +punished (Verb) + her (Pronoun) + for (Preposition) + misbehaving (Gerund).

Infinitive

An infinitive is a non finite verb consisting of to + 1st form of verb.

i. He wants to leave.

ii. They came to help us.

C. Complete the following sentences with infinitive or gerund whichever is appropriate.

1. We felt the plane __ (shake) in the storm.

Ans. We felt the place shaking in the storm.

2. I’ve always disliked __ (smoke).

Ans. I have always disliked smoking.

3. Where did you learn __ (speak) French?

Ans. Where did you learn to speak French?

4. Is the exhibition worth __ (visit)?

Ans. Is the exhibition worth visiting?

5. I don’t mind __ (get up) early.

Ans. I don’t mind getting up early.

6. We‘d love __ (come) with you.

Ans. We’d love to come with you.

7. She seems __ (know) this place.

Ans. She seems to know this place.

D. Identify gerunds and infinitives in the following sentences.

1. Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own.

Ans. Bleeding = Gerund

2. To clean the area around the wound, use soap and a washcloth.

Ans. To clean = Infinitive

3. Don’t keep checking to see if the bleeding has stopped.

Ans. Bleeding = Gerund, to see = Infinitive

4. So try to keep it out of the actual wound.

Ans. To keep = Infinitive.

5. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment.

Ans. Using = Gerund

6. If dirt or debris remains in the wound after washing, use tweezers cleaned with alcohol to remove the particles.

Ans. Washing = Gerund. To remove = Infinitive.

E. Change the following sentences into the passive voice. Subject in the passive sentences may be skipped.

1. You must put out all smoking materials.

Ans. All smoking materials must be put out.

2. You must fasten the seat belt.

Ans. The seat belt must be fastened.

3. They will demonstrate safety precautions.

Ans. Safety precautions will be demonstrated.

4. You should read the safety instructions.

Ans. The safety instructions should be read.

5. You can store small packages in the overhead compartment.

Ans. Small packages can be stored in the overhead compartment.

Writing Skills

A. Write a paragraph on “How to take care of cuts and scrapes” Use transitional devices e.g. first, next, then, after that, in the end etc. to join sentences within the paragraph.

Ans. First of all, Clean the wound with warn water and a mild, anti-bacterial cleanser. If debris exists on the wound itself, soak a pair of tweezers in alcohol and use them carefully and gently to extract the matter. If the debris is too deeply embedded within the cut, avoid doing this yourself, seek medical assistance instead.

Secondly, if the bleeding does not stop on its own, apply gentle pressure to the cut or scrape with a clean, dry cloth. Hold it for up to half an hour if needed, but remember to keep the pressure light. (Note that if the injury does not stop bleeding after this time, it’s important to seek medical assistance your cut or scrape may be worse than its appearance suggests.)

Then apply an antibiotic cream, such as Neosporin, to the wound in a thin layer. This will keep the injury site moist, encourage a speedier healing process and prevent infections from forming. If you develop a rash from the cream, discontinue its use immediately.

After that keep the injury site covered with a bandage or, if the wound is slightly larger, gauze pad. The key here is to prevent infection by keeping any harmful bacteria away from the site. After it has sufficiently healed, it will benefit from being uncovered and exposed to air.

Be sure to change the bandage or gauze pad regularly. This is especially necessary if the injury site becomes wet, as is common in wounds located on or near the hands.

Moreover, keep a close eye on the injury site for signs of possible skin infection. If you experience pain, redness, swelling, warmth or any type of discharge (in the form of pus, drainage or blood), seek medical attention immediately.

It is typically recommended that stitches should be given for wounds that are more than one-quarter inch deep. If the injury site is clearly large and open or in a much worse scenario, you can actually see muscle or fat in the wound, then it is essential to have the wound closed by a professional. Otherwise you risk developing an infection.

Whether you hurt yourself through a fall or by scraping yourself with a knife or old nail, you should head to your doctor for a tetanus shot. This is essential for immunization, and is even more important after suffering an injury. If you have not had your shot within the last five years, now is definitely the time to get it done.

B. Did you ever get cuts and scrapes? How did you give yourself first aid? Write a paragraph in the past tense. First make an outline with the help of mind map given below.

Ans. One day I was trying to get back to my place. I was to cross the road on a turn. As I tried to do so, a car from the opposite direction hit the front of my bike. I fell down on the ground. I had severe injuries. I started bleeding from my elbows and arms. I got cuts and scrapes. The people from the surrounding came running as they heard the car driver applying brake. One of them took me to the hospital. I was brought to the emergency ward where I was given proper treatment. One doctor and two nurses handled my case. They did my dressing where it was needed. Stitches were also applied on the affected parts of my body. I remained in the hospital for about two hours then I came back home. The other day I was told that the driver was arrested by the police.